Interpersonal deception theory Essay

The interpersonal deception theory’s presence throughout Martin Scorsese’s film, The Departed, is made abundantly clear through the interactions between the characters. Two of the main characters, Agent Sullivan and William, both lie in order to do their jobs, and to just survive. These characters exhibit the three dominant deception theories – falsification, concealment, and equivocation, as well as utilizing eye contact, either purposely or not. The interpersonal deception theory attempts to explain the manner in which two people who are engaged in face-to-face communication deal with deception. It is possible to detect deception from verbal and nonverbal cues. There are three dominant deception theories – falsification, concealment, and equivocation. Falsification is when one individual, the â€Å"sender†, blatantly lies to another individual, the â€Å"receiver. † Concealment is when the sender omits certain facts; this results in deception. Equivocation is when the sender skirts the issues by changing the subject (Hearn 2006). In Martin Scorsese’s film The Departed, William, the undercover officer working with Frank Costello, and Agent Sullivan, the detective who is helping Frank Costello, both exhibit dominant deception theories. Both lie throughout the entire film; William is a good guy pretending to be bad, while Agent Sullivan is a bad guy pretending to be good. Both are fairly good at lying, however, there are small, somewhat tell-tale signs that they are being deceptive. Agent Sullivan is a detective with the Massachusetts State Police. When he was a boy, a local criminal, Frank Costello, helped him out, and the two had been friends ever since. When Sullivan became a detective on a case where the police were trying to capture Costello, Sullivan did everything he could to help Costello. Because of his two-faced nature, he had to lie to his girlfriend, Madolyn, and the men he worked with, including his boss. Agent Sullivan worked his deception on those around him in two obvious ways – concealment and equivocation. The first example is of equivocation. About half way through the film, Sullivan got a phone call from Costello, and Madolyn answered the phone. When Sullivan got off the phone, Madolyn asked him who had called him. Sullivan told her that it was his boss. She knew he was lying to her, so he skirted the issue by saying that there are things about his job that he could not tell her, things that she did not even want to know. He even tried to make a joke about her questions interfering with an ongoing investigation. He successfully got her mind off of the actual issue at hand, the issue of the mysterious caller. The example of concealment is demonstrated throughout the film in regards to Agent Sullivan. Sullivan spends the entire film trying not to be found out as the man Costello has in the police department. When things start to really unravel, Sullivan is assigned to find the leak in the department, and he actually takes on the task. From here on out, Sullivan works hard to continue to conceal his true identity. William was working for the Massachusetts State Police as an undercover cop. He did not successfully complete the training at the Police Academy, but he wanted to be a cop. No one knew he was working for the police department except for two high-ranking officers. William became a trusted friend of Frank Costello while investigating him. This gave William the edge he needed to capture Costello, but deceiving Costello could have proved to be deadly. William worked his deception on Costello in two ways – falsification and concealment. In a scene where Costello wanted to talk to William about a â€Å"rat† in the operation, William flat-out lied to him, telling Costello that he was not the rat. William knew that Costello suspected him of being the rat, but William kept denying it. Costello began to believe him. William successfully lied his way out of a potentially deadly situation. William also used the trick of concealment to his advantage. He, first and foremost, concealed his identity, not only from Costello and his gang, but also from other officers in the police department. No one in the police department knew that he was working undercover. Because he did not graduate from the Police Academy, William was not a real police officer. Because of this, he went virtually undetected. William’s concealment of his true identity was successful, until Costello wanted his real name, social security number, and bank account numbers. It was then that William knew he had to find a way out. From here on out, things began to fall apart. Both Agent Sullivan’s and William’s deception could have been detected. Most individuals believe that they can tell when a person is lying to them. They can detect deception by listening and watching the sender. Signs such as eye contact/rapid eye movement, body rigidity, and fidgeting can be tell-tale signs of when an individual is trying to deceive another individual. Eye contact is held as the number one indicator of truth or deception. Most believe that if an individual holds strong eye contact, then that person is being truthful. On the other hand, if one’s eyes move rapidly, or one cannot look another in the eye while talking to them, it is an indication of deception. Law enforcement interviewers and interrogators believe that when a person is not being truthful, they will break eye contact and either look to the right or to the left. This belief, however, is not substantiated (Walters 2000). Although proven an unreliable means of detecting deception, this does not stop Scorsese from implementing this strategy when it comes to Agent Sullivan’s behavior. Agent Sullivan’s behavior, if paid attention to, would have alerted anyone to his deception. For example, Sullivan never made complete eye contact while lying. He does make good eye contact when he says that Costello has a man in the police department, because that information is true. However, when he says that he is working on finding out who it is, he looks briefly at the floor. Sullivan breaks eye contact, an indication that he is lying. In actuality, Sullivan himself is the man Costello has in the police department, so Sullivan has no intention of finding out who the rat is. Another example of Agent Sullivan’s odd behavior is at the sting. Sullivan calls Costello to inform him that he is being watched by the police. Later, Sullivan finds out that the FBI is present and is monitoring cellular phone activity. Sullivan begins to sneak nervous glances around the room, looking to see if anyone has detected his involvement with Costello. In the scene where William meets Costello for a discussion on who the â€Å"rat† is, William makes deliberate, strong eye contact. Unlike Agent Sullivan, when William lies to Costello, William looks him straight in the eye and does not waiver. William is nervous about meeting with Costello, but he carries himself as though he is in control of the situation. Although William was nervous, he does not back down from Costello. This forces Costello to back down and to take William’s word that he is not the rat at face value. It is generally believed that when someone breaks eye contact with the person they are talking to, they could be lying. However, when someone makes deliberate eye contact, that could mean that they are trying to conceal the fact that they are indeed lying. Deliberate eye contact also means that the person maintaining strong eye contact is trying to maintain dominance or control over the person he is speaking with. This is done is such a way that the receiver would not even think about questioning the accuracy of the sender’s words (Walters 2000). This is how William wins over Costello. The term â€Å"leakage† is used to refer to any behavior outside of a deceiver’s conscious controls that could signal dishonesty. These signals could include the formerly mentioned body rigidity and fidgeting (Schneider 2007). For example, when Agent Sullivan is at the sting, after he found out that the FBI were monitoring cellular phone activity, he sits very still, only moving his head to glance around the room. His body seems to become very rigid, perched uncomfortably on a table. He also seems to be fidgeting inside his coat pocket. In actuality, however, he is sending a text message to Costello that says, â€Å"no phones. † Sullivan could have â€Å"leaked† his involvement with Costello if someone had been paying attention. The characters of Agent Sullivan and William exhibit falsification, concealment, and equivocation. The use of eye contact, both deliberate and not, make the characters more human. All of the signs of dishonesty that these two characters exhibited made the viewer believe that those characters were real. Both characters’ deceptions could have been seen through, like most people’s deceptions, but they were not detected. They carried their burdens well, working their hardest to not only do their jobs, but to survive.

An Overview Of Organic Foods Environmental Sciences Essay

Under the criterions that adopted by the U.S. Agriculture Department ( USDA ) , organic nutrients bring the significance that nutrients raised without chemicals and processed without additives. Man-made fertilisers, pesticides and antibiotics may non be used in raising organic nutrients. Besides that, usage of irradiation, biotechnology, and sewer-sludge fertiliser is besides banned. Farming patterns used before the 1900 ‘s are classed as organic. It was merely after this that added chemicals such as urea and DDT were brought into agriculture. By and large, organic nutrients included organic veggies, fruits, dairy merchandises, meat, and olive oil. Animals can be classs as organic if they are feed with organic nutrients like organic maizes and organic harvests. Based on the information of All for Natural Health, familial alteration is non allowed throughout the whole elevation procedure. Furthermore, additives and seasoning are forbiding to be added into meats. Because of these patterns, organic nutrients bring more nutrition and healthier if comparison with conventional nutrients. Some consumers believe that organic nutrients are tasty due to the agriculture and raising patterns. From a research conducted by Organic Monitor towards organic planetary market, single-digit market growing was observed for the first clip in 2009 because of the economic lag cut downing industry investing and consumer disbursement power. Organic nutrients and imbibe gross revenues expanded by approximately five per centum to 54.9 billion US dollarsA in 2009. Global grosss have increased observed each twelvemonth, except in 2009. Based on the information that collected by Willer and Kilcher ( 2009 ) , more than 140 states are now bring forthing certified organic nutrients with 32.2 million hectares of agricultural land being managed organically globally by more than 1.2 million manufacturers. The states with the largest markets are the US, Germany, and France ; the highest per capita ingestion is Denmark, Switzerland, and Austria which shown in the tabular array below:Table 1.1: The states with the highest per capita ingestion of Organic nutrients 2009Organic Foods Market in Malaysia It is undeniable that the demand for organic nutrients is on the lifting tendency in Malaysia. This lifting tendency fundamentally caused by the alterations of consumer life style as they are more concern about nutrients safety. Harmonizing to IFOAM & A ; FiBL ( 2003 ) , there are 600 hectares of land under organic direction ; with a portion of entire agricultural land of 0.01. Domestic production is mostly limited to veggies and fruit with perchance one organic domestic fowl operator in East Malaysia. Whilst turning, entire estimated norm is still statistically undistinguished ( UNEP/UNCTAD, 2006 ) . Most organic production is sold domestically with some being exported to Singapore. So far, thereA isA no dependable market statistics available. Some supermarkets such as Jusco, Carrefour, set up an organic corner to advance organic merchandises. Based on the information provided by Department of Agriculture Malaysia, Malaysia Organic Scheme ( SOM ) is a enfranchisement programme to r ecognize the husbandman who operates his farm in conformity with the standard conditions set by the national organic criterion, MS 1529:2001. An inspector from SOM will be send to transport out for farm review and the determination to attest whether a farm is organic or non is made by a enfranchisement commission consisting of members from assorted authorities sections. Once the application is successful, a logo of Organic Malaysia will be labeled on the merchandises. A merchandise with this organic logo fundamentally is more expensive comparison to others. In wide, SOM brings benefit to whole society because environmental pollution is minimized and consumers are assured that the merchandises they purchase are genuinely organic.Research BackgroundIt is a fact that the demand for organic nutrients are lifting dramatically in these few old ages. Foods safety and wellness consciousness are turning quickly in late old ages. Therefore, some consumers tend to buy organic merchandises whic h are healthier and higher quality. Under the 9th Malaysia Plan ( 2006-2010 ) that unveiled by the 5th Prime Minister of Malaysia, A Datuk Seri Abdullah Ahmad Badawi, the authorities is aiming the organic agriculture industry to be deserving RM800 million in 5 old ages ‘ clip. The Ministry of Agriculture plans to hold 20,000 hectares under organic farming methods by twelvemonth 2010, increasing local production by 4,000 hectares per twelvemonth. Organic ingestion is expected to turn by 20 % per annum ( DoA ) . Besides this, authorities encourages little scale manufacturer endeavor into organic agriculture. Compare to conventional nutrients, organic nutrients bring a batch of advantages and organic agriculture patterns may minimise environmental pollution. Organic farming method creates organic veggies and fruit contains more 50 % vitamin, nutrition and mineral than farmed nutrients. With a chemical free agriculture method, organic nutrients may cut down nutrient toxic conditio n and forestall some diseases. Pesticides and antifungals are spray on veggies and fruits straight on commercial agriculture method and excessively much ingestion of these chemicals in long term can do malignant neoplastic disease because of it can non be to the full digest by our organic structure system. Therefore, organic nutrients are better pick to cut down the opportunity to develop malignant neoplastic disease. From environment facet, organic agriculture method takes good attention of dirt and land because it encourages the recycling of foods back into the dirt so it can really make better long term sustainability for our land resources.Problem StatementIn facts, there are many research workers making research on the facet of organic nutrients but there are non much research sing Malaysia organic nutrients market. This has triggered the involvement and avidity to analyze more about this subject. Despite authorities has mark to increase organic farming industry, but there are still some consumers do non aware about the particular properties of organic nutrients compare to conventional nutrients. Furthermore, organic market in Malaysia can be considered as little comparison to other western state such as United State and Australia. Besides than these, factors and motivations that influence families to alter their purchase attitudes from conventional nutrients to organic nutrients is besides one of the factors that triggered the involvement to analyze more about this subject.Research AimsThis research paper is conducted for the intent of: To place is at that place any relationship between 3 factors ( economic, psychological science, direction ) and purchase determination of organic nutrients among Malaysia families. To find what is the chief factor to act upon Malaysia families on buying organic nutrients. To research the relationship between demographic background ( age, instruction degree, gender and faith ) and purchase determination for organic nutrients.Research QuestionsBased on the research aim that stated in 1.4, this research will set up several inquiries: What are the relationship between 3 factors ( economic, psychological science, direction ) and purchase determination of organic nutrients among Malaysia families? What is the chief factor to act upon Malaysia families on buying organic nutrients? What is the relationship between demographic background and purchase determination for organic nutrients?Definitions of Key FootingsTable below is the list of cardinal footings with accounts of definitions that the writer will concentrate on in this survey.Table 1.2 Definitions of Key FootingsCardinal TermDefinitionBeginnings1 Organic Foods Foods produced without utilizing most conventional pesticides ; fertilisers made with man-made ingredients or sewerage sludge ; biotechnology ; or ionising radiation. U.S. Department of Agriculture ( USDA ) 2 Economic A scientific discipline which surveies human behavior as a relationship between terminals and scarce agencies which have alternate utilizations. Lionel Robbins ( 1932 ) 3 Psychology A scientific survey of human behaviour and mental procedures Feldman, ( 1990 ) 4 Management 5 Demographic A characteristic used to depict some facet of a population and that can be measured for that population, such as growing rate, age scope, income degree, and instruction background Laura Klappenbach, n.dScope of StudyIn order to increase readers ‘ involvement, this research paper is titled as multidimensional selling positions of organic nutrients. In a simpler word, this research paper is conducted to look into what are the chief factors to act upon consumer from Johor Bahru and Malacca to buy organic nutrients. Therefore, the lone dependant variable is organic nutrients purchase determination. Four independent variables had been established to mensurate this relationship. The four independent variables that have been employed in this research are economic, psychological science, direction and demographic. Survey signifier will be established and administer to aim respondents, family from Johor Bahru and Malacca province who age from 20-65 old ages old. 200 sets of questionnaires will be every bit distributed to aim respondents based on demographic background which is gender. In other words, 100 sets questionnaire will be distributed to male while the re mainder will reply by female.Significance of the StudyFirst, this research paper can be use as a mention to consumers particularly families who are sing to buy organic merchandise, this research might assist them through giving a clearer image about some elements and advantages of organic nutrients. Furthermore, this will take more pupils to take organic nutrients. Second, this survey of organic nutrients shall besides alarm organic husbandmans on some betterment needed. Through this paper, organic husbandmans will understand more about consumers ‘ consideration before they purchase. Some installations can be added to increase the production of organic nutrients. In add-on, organic husbandmans will be provided a clearer image about Malaysia organic nutrients market and organic label. Third, this paper shall give information to those organic nutrients retail merchants. Through understanding consumers ‘ outlook towards organic nutrients, organic nutrients retail merchants can pull off their merchandise from the facet of pricing, wrapping and labeling to excite gross revenues volume. In add-on, this may make more occupation chances and assist to foster better Malaysia ‘s economic system. Last, this paper can be contributed as a mention to future research worker who intends to carry on research in related field. This paper can be a guideline to assist researcher hold a clearer image and smoothen their research advancement.Organization of the ResearchIntroduction about organic nutrients and overall of this research are discuss in chapter 1. Organic nutrients market in Malaysia is defined here and follows up with research background that focuses on some information about organic nutrients. Research aims and inquiries are established in chapter 1 that discuss about aims to be step in this research. Chapter 2 is concentrate on the past literature reappraisal that are related to organic nutrients, which has been published by a big figure of research worker. The chief independent variables will be explained in this portion which consists of economic system, psychological science, direction, and demographic. A really specific account of each variable will be provided in this portion. Chapter 3 will calculate out the research methodological analysis that will be used in this research paper in order to happen out the relationship of independent variables towards purchase determination of organic nutrients. In add-on, hypothesis and theoretical model will be besides shown in this chapter. Apart from these, informations analysis method and trying design will be explained in item. Chapter 4 will continue with the analysis of the information that have been collected by utilizing Statistical Process for Social Science ( SPSS ) Version 18. Analysis of demographic background of the respondents is provided in this chapter. Chapter 5 illustrates the treatment of the hypothesis. Each of the hypotheses that established in chapter 4 will be farther explain in this chapter and follow by deductions. Furthermore, restriction of the survey and some recommendations for this research paper will be provided in this portion. Last, a simple decision will be usage to stop the full research.Chapter SummaryIn overall, chapter 1 has explained the definition and organic nutrients market. In this portion, the research worker has besides set up the research aim for this survey. In add-on, the definition of dependant variable and each independent variable has been explained in a table signifier. Last, range of survey and important of the survey besides has been explained in inside informations in this chapter.

Survey: ask 5 drivers about their knowledge

What would you consider are outside and inside distractions while driving? Brian: inside is cellphone, radio, food, conversations, and kids. The outside distractions are, an accident on the road, construction, and any thing that catches interest. Ben: outside would be weather, advertisements, nice cars. Inside would be passengers, radio or phones or anything that involves music, also changing car settings like heat and AC. Meg: cell phone, conversations, food, makeup.Out side there are ads, other people, and the weather. Alexandra: In: cell phone, kids, dogs, food, Out: ads, other drivers, pedestrians, and animals Henry: outside there is advertisements, cars, really nice cars, homeless people, working people, running women, but inside there is the radio, heat, the dials, and passengers. Question #2: What would you do when approaching a traffic light that is flashing amber? Brian: slow down, and proceed with caution. Ben: slow down, proceed with cation and be alter for things out of t he ordinary or onstruction.Meg: proceed with caution. Alexandra:slow down as much as possible, and proceed with caution. Henry: slow down, look around for any dangers, and continue with caution If one does not slow down, they may cause an accident with others that have, proceeding with caution is best advised, due to possible risks that may lay ahead. Question #3: When driving on a highway at 80 km/h the safe following distance is _. When would you increase this distance? Brian: two car lengths, at least.The space should be increased when the weather onditions are abnormal Ben: I would stay 3 seconds behind the car I front of my and increase that distance if I see anything a head that could be problematic like a merge lane, accident, construction Meg: three seconds approximately, but if the weather is bad, construction, or if there is traffic the space is increased. Alexandra: three seconds when the weather allows such. The time should be increased during rain, snow, ice and fog. He nry: 3-4 seconds, but increased when roads are slippery and/or wet, there is fog, and when it is snowing.If the following distance is not increased on highways when required, an accident may occur. The driver is putting him/her self in danger by not considering the adverse weather conditions, construction, and accidents. Question #4: What would you say are things that other drivers do that annoy you? Brian: tailgating, driving with your high beams on, texting, wearing headphones, not shoulder checking, and no signal usage. Ben: my number one most annoying thing that other cars do is not signal. Meg: when people cut me ott, or when they dont signal.It also bugs me when they're to busy talking on their blue tooth to pay attention to what is happening around them. Alexandra: not signalling and cutting me off really gets me angry. Henry: women thinking that they can apply makeup while driving, tailgating, texting and not signalling, I believe that in order from most dangerous to least d angerous, these annoying actions are as listed: not signalling 2 texting 3 cutting off 4 tailgating 5 high beams 6 not shoulder-checking 7 talking on phone/blue tooth 8 make up

W4-Q Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

W4-Q - Essay Example On the other hand, Kaplan & Hurd (2002) argue that partnership allows sustainability in organizations by establishing a strong link between organizations with common objectives. It enables them to utilize the available opportunities through a supportive approach. For example, an organization may source partnership with another company that possesses particular skills that are essential in production but are lacking. The partnership between Tata motors and organizations such as Ariba Inc. is a partnership whereby Ariba offers the automobiles company with assistance in management related issues. This partnership has led to the expansion of the market for Tata automobiles hence improved competition and reduced bargaining power of suppliers that has made it possible for the company to attract more suppliers in a rationalized manner. On the other hand, Ariba maintains competence through these partnerships and is renowned for its diversity in management solutions, which enables it to maintain a substantial number of clients. Gadman & Cooper (2005) argue that the more an organization is capable of identifying useful partners, the greater the chances of expanding its opportunities due to the fact that each partnering organization has unique capabilities that can be useful when shared, making it possible for businesses to utilize their potential to the maximum. The efficiencies gained through partnerships are mainly as a result of the organization’s efforts that are aimed at accomplishing organizational objectives. In essence, every organization entering in to a partnership seeks to benefit from it. Otherwise, partnerships would not be meaningful for organizations if they have no positive impacts on its productivity. Gensemera & Kanagaretnam (2004) observe that for high commitment in partnership to be accomplished, each partner needs to understand the benefits that are likely

Defning globalization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Defning globalization - Essay Example The definition of globalization is highly contentious among professionals in the field of economics and business. Globalization is a term for the process of international integration brought upon by interconnectivity of cultural aspects.(Steger, 1) Cultural aspects can be further defined as technology, religion, infrastructure, and manufacturing processes. There are many types of globalization; increased internet activity, international cell phones, and aviation. There are many good aspects of globalization that increases the health and education of many third world countries. However, there are aspects of globalization that have both positive and negative aspects. The globalization that most people think of the most is the usage of other countries to assist in the production or manufacturing of products for consumption or use. This is known by many currently as outsourcing. While outsourcing is not the only form of globalization, this is the one element that has become a hot topic politically due to the extent and negative elements. Outsourcing is a negative form of globalization to portions of the United States, while for others it is one of the best things that has occurred. When the United States federal government began to give tax benefits to companies who moved their major production elements outside of the United States, many companies began to move.(Anderson, 213) Not only are manufacturing jobs being sourced in other countries, but now countries are moving things such as call centers and technology service centers.(Dessler & Phillips, 61) Moving jobs overseas has a drastic and detrimental effect on the job market in the United States. Individuals in certain regions of the country are without job because of the relocation of most of the car making processes. No longer are there hundreds of companies making car parts, most if not all of those jobs are now in countries such as Mexico and China. This outsourcing has come to a

Writer's choice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 20

Writer's choice - Essay Example Indeed, I will quote two scholarly readings from the 1960s to prove this assertion. The students for a democratic society released a statement in 1962 that defined a declaration of SDS principles (University of Michigan, 1962). Ideally, SDS was a radical student organization that derived fundamental influence in 1968. Indeed, the movement drew many students in protesting against Vietnam War. The growing distribution of the Port Huron statement translated to a strong student movement that influenced global democracy in the1968 (University of Michigan, 1962). In 1968, SDS led to students’ demonstrations that involved more than 150 demonstrators who demanded multicultural curriculum and financial support for ethnic studies. The Students for a Democratic Society launched a major antiwar demonstration at Columbia University in April 1968 (Hayden, 1968). The demonstrators occupied various buildings and kidnaped three school officials. It took the intervention of more than 1,000 police officers to clear the growing number of student demonstrators who were in excess of 5,000 students (Hayden, 1968). SDS governing council called for "two, three, many Columbians† in 1968. The call encouraged the demonstrators to heighten the protests with an aim of forcing the federal government to change or send American troops to take over American universities (Hayden, 1968). Indeed, they treated the Columbia strike as a case model for student protests in all universities in 1968 since it defined a new tactical movement. Indeed, the student protests contradicted black protests since they opposed fundamental institutions (Hayden, 1968). Initially, students were responding to the black movement but in 1968, they focused on â€Å"Student Power." The demonstrators adopted an internationalist and revolutionary approach in opposing imperialism in American universities (Hayden,

The Changing Role of Trade Union Movement in UK over Ten Years Essay

The Changing Role of Trade Union Movement in UK over Ten Years - Essay Example Since their formation, trade unions have largely been concerned with the issues of workers, and the primary aim of these trade unions has been to advocate for better working conditions of workers. UNITE is one of the biggest trade unions of the 21st century and at the moment, the trade union enjoy a huge membership of about 1.5 million individuals. The union was formed after a merger of two big trade unions in UK and Ireland known as T&G and Amicus. Some of the primary objectives leading to the formation of the trade union were to address the issues facing its members in the 21st century in the most appropriate ways. The trade union has come out as the appropriate voice of reason in championing the needs of employees while spreading its services and membership rights to all people with no particular formal organisations. The trade union has continuously advanced for the issues of its members tireless and has tried to remain equal in its advancement initiatives where it prides in seeing the interests of its members addressed more appropriately. UNITE has not just confined itself in UK, but it has been active in global issues and today, the organisation has established global links with other trade unions in other countries and the primary goal of these partnerships is to see that, trade unions in contemporary world confront and address challenges of global world and economy in the most effective and benefiting manner. (UNITE, N.d). Therefore, the subsequent sections will look at the experiences and challenges of UNITE trade union and how the union has been to respond to them and how in the next ten years the trade union will be able to address the varied issues continuing to face the modern world. UNITE Trade Union: Challenges facing the Union When trade unions are formed, the basic objective is to defend and advocate for the rights of workers, and have a long history (Leverhulme Trust, 2002). In other words, the history of trade unions in UK is characterised by increased efforts aimed at bringing the issues of workers to l imelight where employers and government to address. At the moment, many employees in Britain are categorized as paid workers, and a large portion of them are members of trade unions while others remain unorganised in formal trade unions. However, in recent times, evidences are rife concerning the setbacks of trade unions and challenges they continue to face. Moreover, despite these, it has to be known that trade unions in the country remain the largest voluntary body in society, and their influence in improving the working conditions of workers cannot be underestimated. In this way, unions can be said to be particularly important in the welfare of employees in the country, and their role is still significant. UNITE trade union was formed after T& GWU and AMICUS resolved to dissolved their constituency unions and merger for the benefits of their members. As a result, UNITE was formed in 2007 and at the moment, the union is the largest union in the United Kingdom and republic of Irela nd (UNITE, 2008). The union has about 2 million members drawn from diverse sectors and professions. For instance, majority of the union members come from industries such as the; transport, public services, manufacturing, finance,

Organ Systems & Evolution Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Organ Systems & Evolution - Assignment Example The circulatory and lymphatic systems are also connected, for lymph in the lymphatic system comes from blood. Lastly, secondary lymphedema, an obstruction of lymph flow, is discussed with its similarities to atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis and Heart Attack Normally, the heart supplies oxygen to all parts of the body to keep them alive, and at the same time, oxygen-rich blood must be supplied to the heart muscle to keep it alive. However, in the case of atherosclerosis, or the buildup of plaque in the arterial walls, the flow of oxygen-rich blood to a particular section of a heart muscle, or myocardium, can get blocked. If the blood supply to the heart muscle is greatly reduced or completely prevented, it will eventually cause the muscle to die. Although there could be other causes for a heart attack, the one caused by this buildup of plaque, or atherosclerosis, is known as coronary heart disease, or CHD (â€Å"What is a Heart Attack,† NIH, 2011). The reason behind the name is the fact that the coronary artery is responsible for the supply of oxygen to the heart. (Matthews, 2011) Coronary heart disease is caused by the buildup of plaque for many years, and will most likely lead to a heart attack. As plaque accumulates in the wall of the artery which supplies oxygen-rich blood to the heart, this plaque may cause a rupture inside the artery and thus cause a blood clot to form on the surface of the plaque. If this plaque grows in size and becomes large enough, it may completely block all blood flow to the heart muscle (â€Å"What is a Heart Attack,† NIH, 2011). The complete obstruction of the blood will cause a myocardial infarction, or heart attack. However, partial blockage may only cause chest pain. (Matthews, 2011) Heart attacks may not kill the person and may simply cause heart failure. Heart failure can lead to other problems like dyspnea, or shortness of breath, and edema, or swelling of the body due to buildup of fluid the heart would normall y get rid of as waste if it were functioning efficiently. (Sourfer, 2002) Arteries, Veins and Capillaries Blood vessels are hollow tubes that do not only hold the blood within the body but also circulate them across organs in the body. There are three types or varieties of blood vessels. The arteries transport oxygenated blood away from the heart. The capillaries are the ones that connect the arteries and the veins, and finally the veins carry the deoxygenated blood back to the heart. (â€Å"Blood Vessels,† 2011) The main function of arteries is to carry blood from the heart to all the other organs, except for the pulmonary arteries that carry deoxygenated blood towards the lungs. Arteries are thick-walled blood vessels and thus may be able to withstand constant stretching every time blood rushes through them for every heartbeat. The thick walls of the artery protect it from the high pressure of blood flow coming from the ventricles of the heart. (â€Å"Blood Vessels,† 2000) Veins, on the other hand, may undergo less pressure coming from the blood flow from organs. It also follows that the wall of a vein is thinner than that of an artery. The function of veins is generally to carry deoxygenated blood from the organs towards the heart, except for pulmonary veins that carry oxygenated blood from the lungs towards the heart. Moreover, veins have a special purpose of carrying waste

Nurse Political Leader Speech or Presentation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Nurse Political Leader - Speech or Presentation Example The leadership relationship in transaction based type is put to thrive in the exchange scenario where the subordinate continuously serves the leader in exchange for what is offered in return. The bargain in context reveals that though there may lack the favourable conditions and environment for the followers or subordinates to deliver under normal circumstances, the leader goes further to provide the required conditions necessary to deliver. The leader therefore defines the criteria to be followed at the exchange of benefits to the subordinates (Hartog, Muijen & Koopman, 1997).Transformational leadership on the other hand refers to the leadership style that offers emotional attachment instead of the award entitlement. Transformational leaders inspire their subordinates towards the course of achieving the set goals and objectives (Pastor & Mayo, 2006). The leaders behaviour through which the followers easily identify with drive the leadership. Transactional and transformational leader ship are seen to ascribe to the trait theory in that in cases, personality as well as intelligence that they exhibit distinct them from the common person’s traits (Anon, 2009). ... For instance, in 2009, the representative consented to and approve the prohibition of use of tobacco as a drug and supported the formulation of the ‘children’s health insurance program’. Concerning the bill to confer to mental health full attentions like the physical health in 2008, she supported. She is equally quoted to have supported and campaigned on supporting SCHIP to cover more children in the nation within the previous years. Concerning damages on lawsuits about medical practices, she rejected the bill to lower the 250000-dollar damage costs in the year 2004. These among other significant positions in her political career have been very instrumental in defining her leadership in matters of medical concern (Anon, 1999-2012). However, her political career has had a great blow, which would serve as a draw back in her efforts to competently defend her positions and propositions regarding formulation of laws on health because of her ailment in cancer (Weiner, 2 013). In 21 June 2013, the House of Democrats adopted and incorporated the representative’s priorities and initiatives in the federal education bill as proposed for the week. The representative is quoted to have been very vocal in education matters where she ascertains that passing better educational bills would be very instrumental in shaping the destiny and future of the US as a whole. Her priorities in the education bill in the house of senate include smarter and better funding to education, civic rights protection as well as better accountabilities for students, family engagement in children education, student health as a necessary tool for excellence in education and safety plans for schools. Moreover, the bill advocates for

Select ONE theme presented on the module. Explain why you think this Essay

Select ONE theme presented on the module. Explain why you think this theme is important in organisational life using examples fr - Essay Example Therefore, experts argue that although work has various beneficial attributes, it may have negative influences on the workforce and overall productivity of the organization. Both the adverse and negative impacts of work are closely associated with the private life of workers. While work life may influence private life, the contrary is true, as well. Private life experiences can also affect work in either adverse or positive manner. The discussion will investigate the benefits of balancing between private and work life in the profitability of the organization and workers’ satisfaction and comfort. Discussion It is most rational to consider that various employees strive towards attaining happiness, better health and productive private and work lives. To increases, the probability of attaining satisfaction, privates and work live must be stabilized, (Lewis, Brannen and Nilsen, 2009, p. 48). Work and private life balance is a subset of private life and work life equilibrium and su ggests that employees are satisfied in both aspects of life. Private and work life interface is mainly explained as a circle of social tasks, which are linked to these crucial life aspects. It is rather obvious that attaining equilibrium amid these diverse life aspects reflects a progressive and complex effort. The outcome of these efforts is a vibrant stability that entails managing challenges, stress or constraints within the work and private life context, (Schulz, 2010, p. 50). A different perspective of looking at the situation is to consider the stability between the two aspects as a result of managing private life-work challenges. Work-life stability implies sustaining effective and healthy workstation that allows workforce to strike a balance between employments responsibilities and private tasks, and thus reinforce worker allegiance and productivity, (Lomas, 2005, p. 63). Sociological studies reveal that two in eight workers experience increased levels of struggle between pr ivate and work life oriented on private life-to-work interruption and parental constraint. If task burden is added, then more than 62% of workers interviewed suffer private life and work struggles. Of all the employment aspects that affect family-work challenge, the number of hours spend in the office is the extensive and most persistent aspect, (Drobnic? and Guille?n, 2011, p 45). The increased levels of work to life challenges reported by administrators and executives often are a production of their prolonged stay in the offices. Additional factors include security of job, managers or supervisors’ support, ambiguity or complexity of work role, work dissatisfaction and enormous utilization of communication techniques, which shapes the precincts between private life and work. In the modern world, today, employees have various conflicting roles like work, kids, household chores volunteering activities, aged and kin parent attention and mounts stress on people, societies and fa milies where people live. Similarly, these private life obligations and commitments mount stress on the overall commitment to work responsibilities and production of an organization, (Grossman and Chester, 1990, p. 82). In other words, work-family challenge is an adverse limitation that affects employees, their supervisors or managers,

Your Creative Thinking Profile Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Your Creative Thinking Profile - Essay Example These aspects can be apparently observed as clarifying any sort of problem, creating ideas, developing solutions and also implementing effective plans. However, at certain conditions, I become a â€Å"Hare.† This is because of having improper knowledge about implementing required skills. Moreover, at certain times, I also become an â€Å"Optimist.†This is because of having deficiency in clarity with regards to the problems faced at certain adverse situations (Pucciuo, n.d.). The role, which I aspire to have, is of a top managerial position of an organization. In this regard, I must possess certain roles about resolving several issues within the organization. Hence, from the organizational perspective, it is quite essential to have all the desired qualities in the creative thinking profile. Being the â€Å"Integrator†, it is desirable for the organization to have me as the top managerial position, based on which several issues can be resolved in an efficient manner. Moreover, at certain times, I also lack in clarifying any sort of problem. Thus, the job role, which best suits me besides the top managerial position, is the idea along with solution provider (Pucciuo, n.d.). It is worth mentioning that as a manger of an organization, it is quite important to learn, respect and collaborate with other individuals for attaining predetermined business or operational targets. This can be made possible by encouraging the colleagues and the subordinates along with others to have and share a common goal. As per my understanding, arranging team meetings and other events would certainly lead towards forming greater collaboration with the members. In addition, forming greater communication with the colleagues and the others would also lead towards strong collaboration (Meador, 1997; Pucciuo, n.d.). It has been evident that each and every organization possesses diverse nature of people working in a collaborative manner towards the attainment of desired

Jesus Christ Essay Example for Free

Jesus Christ Essay What are some ways the Christian gospel is perceived in our culture? Unfortunately, the Christian gospel is perceived negatively by many people I have encountered in everyday life. Many believe Christianity is a list of â€Å"do’s† and â€Å"don’ts† to which they are not willing to subscribe. Others believe the Christian gospel is one of many paths to heaven. Still, others consider the Christian gospel to be mythological. 2. What are some specific moral reasons people may reject the Christian gospel? People may reject the Christian gospel due to the belief that an all-knowing, all-powerful and loving God would not allow injustice or suffering to exist in the world. Another reason people may reject the Christian gospel is because they cannot believe a loving God would allow anyone to suffer for eternity in hell. 3. What are some specific emotional reasons people may reject the Christian gospel? I have heard numerous people reject the Christian gospel, because of the actions of a few â€Å"bad apples† that have ruined their impression of Christians in general. Therefore, they discount all Christians as â€Å"hypocrites† and reject the Christian gospel entirely. Another emotional reason that a person may reject the gospel is that someone close to them has endured hardship, illness or death that was a â€Å"good person† and they feel this would never happen if God was real. 4. What are some specific intellectual reasons people may reject the Christian gospel? People may reject the Christian gospel, for intellectual reasons, because they cannot comprehend that Jesus Christ was God in human flesh. They cannot comprehend that Jesus Christ could die and then be resurrected, because, in their minds, this defies logic and reason. 5. What can Christians do to address these objections and better communicate the Christian gospel? In order to better communicate the gospel, it is important to be non-argumentative and respectful of the other person’s beliefs when sharing the gospel message. As Christians, we can address these objections by citing the Scriptures, while at the same time putting the message in language that the layman can understand.

The History Of Service Management Marketing Essay

The History Of Service Management Marketing Essay Conduct a critique of the following service management ideas, theories, concepts and techniques, specifically with reference to their purpose, application and limitations and with regard to how these service management ideas, theories and techniques may contribute to the development of a successful business: Definition: The nature of the business the service in mind that the organisation wishes to create. The service concept helps the organisation focus on the value that it can provide to new and existing customers 2.1 The Purpose of the service concept The service concept can be defined into 4 parts (as defined by Clark et al. (2000), and Johnston and Clark (2001): The organising idea: The essence of the service bought, or used, by the customer. The service experience: The customers direct experience of the service process, which concerns the way the service provider deals with the customer. The service outcome: The result for the customer of the service (in particular the benefit provided, the resulting emotions and assessment of value for money) The value of the service: the benefits the customer perceives as inherent in the service weighed against the cost of the service. The purpose of the service concept is for a company to help provide a concept for its employees and customers with what they selling and buying, respectively. It should give the employees (e.g. Managers and their staff) a focus on what service they are providing and how to provide it to the customers. By defining the service concept, companies are able to deliver a higher level of service to its customer. Also, the service concept can become an important in the development of a business and further re-designing the service, to better suit their customers requirements. It is also an important element between the business strategy and delivery of its service products e.g. between a Regional Manager deciding the strategy and the floor staff implanting the service, with the strategy. An important point to make is that the service concept can help show the customers the benefits of the service to them, both tangible and intangible, which in turn can indicate the overall value of the service possibly provided to them. 2.2 Application I am going to apply the service concept to Subway. The organising idea Providing its customers with sandwiches and meals, with a quick service and value for money. The service experience Multiple choices of meals, multiple food outlets, long queue/waiting times around meals times e.g. lunchtime, efficient service The service outcome Healthy food, positive feeling of fulfilment, value for money Value of the service Quick service, with a cheap meal for the customer 2.3 Limitations One limitations of the applying the service concept within a business is that different sectors or departments of the business will have different and conflicting views, especially on how to make improvements. For example, a financial executive of McDonalds might suggest that to cut costs that they should cut down on staff. However, the managers of the actual stores might go against that suggestion, and say that the service to the customer would suffer if they had less staff. Different departments of the business are concerned about different issues and as a result applying a service concept that everyone is happy with is not possible. Another limitation of the service concept theory is that it include service strategy issues e.g. the positioning of the business in the market with its competitors and type of customers that the business has. This can have a big effect on how a business decides on its strategy, and sometimes cannot be applied to all businesses. One more limitation is that the service concept theory is based on (or parts of) a business being profitable, which is not always the case with all business. For example, with a car hire company, the sales sector is based on how many revenue and profit is made, whereas the warranty/repair sector is a cost-based, and cannot be measured on the performance on how much profit is made. To add this point, not all businesses are about making profit. Some businesses/organisations are about non-profit, so it can be hard to measure the successful of the change is the service concept, if the measures were based on profit. Concept Profiling Tool 3.1 Purpose of Concept Profiling Tool Service concept profiling as a strategic tool can be used to: Help create and give organisational structure Help (assess) the significance of a potential change of the service To push for strategic advantage The purpose of service concept profiling is to apply service concept to the business and help improve its services e.g. It can help managers and executives view their business in a new way to be stand out from it competitors. Through service concept profiling, a business can examine its current service(s) that it offers and look at the possible options for changes and see what improvements can be made, or redesign the service. Once the service concept has been agreed, it can help provide all departments/sectors of a business guidance on what the service is offering, and how to make those improvements to provide the customers of the business with a better service. An important part with applying the service concept is implementing the strategy into the service delivery e.g. interaction with the customer. Lastly, assessments and evaluation are needed to put in place to measure the successfulness of the new service concept compared to previous results. Application Limitations One limitation of the service concept profiling tool is that just a diagnostic tool. One issue is that it doesnt take into the macroeconomic environment. For example, one part of the macroeconomic environment is legal factors. A service company like Starbucks might find it hard to use and adapt a new service concept, which involves needing to employee more staff, if new laws have been passed which have raised the minimum wage, it can affect the costs of the these new staff, and ultimately affect whether it possible to apply the service concept profiling tool, with the extra costs. The SERVQUAL Model 4.1 The purpose of the SERVQUAL Model The purpose of the SERVQUAL model is a method for measuring service quality. It is a strategic tool, which helps discover if there is any gaps between the perceptions of the service offered, by the business, and that of the customer idea or views of the service. Below is the SERVQUAL Model: C:UsersAlex ThimayaDesktoppicture_zeithaml_servqual_gaps_model.gif 4.2 Application 4.3 Limitations

Supraglacial Environment Analysis

Supraglacial Environment Analysis Some places on Earth are so cold that water is a solid—ice or snow [1]. These frozen places of our planet are called the Cryosphere by our Scientists.The term â€Å"Cryosphere† comes from the Greek word â€Å"kryos† which means cold, frost or ice and â€Å"sphaira† which means globe. Those regions of the Earth’s surface where water is in the solid form, including sea ice, lake ice, river ice, snow cover, glaciers, ice caps, ice sheets and frozen grounds (which includes permafrost) are referred to as cryosphere. The cryosphere is an integral part of the global climate system with important linkages and feedbacks generated through its influence on surface energy and moisture fluxes, clouds, precipitation, hydrology, atmospheric and oceanic circulation. Through these feedback processes, the cryosphere plays a significant role in theglobal climateand inclimate modelresponse to global changes [2]. Cryosphere is believed to be at the top and bottom of our planet, in the Polar Regions by most of the people. The area around the North Pole is the Arctic region and the area around the South Pole is the Antarctic region. Snow and ice are also found at many other locations on Earth, other than these two Polar Regions [1]. Located at the Earths South Pole, Antarctica is an icy continent. A huge ice sheet covers the land mass of Antarctica and, in some places, shelves of floating ice extend into the ocean. The outer sections of ice break off or calve from these shelves and form icebergs. The icebergs float in the oceans, melting and falling apart as they drift into warmer waters [1]. The Antarctic Ice Sheet is the largest mass of ice on Earth. Supraglacial Environment Literally, supraglacial means of, relating to, or situated or occurring at the surface of a glacier. Supraglacial environment consists of Supraglacial lakes and ponds, supraglacial streams and, supraglacial dust and debris. Supraglacial Lakes and Ponds Any pond of liquid water on the top of aglacier is called a supraglacial lake. Although these pools aretransient, they may reach kilometers in diameter and could be several meters deep. They usually last for months or even decades at a time, but can vacant in the course of hours. The lakes usually emerge from the assembly of summer meltwater in catchment basins. Supraglacial Streams A stream that flows over the surface of a glacier is called supraglacial streams. Most supraglacial streams descend viaMoulin into the depths or base of a glacier or originate from melting snow, ice fields and glacial ice. Supraglacial Dust and Debris Debris that is carried on the surface of a glacier is called supraglacial debris. It is also known as supraglacial moraines. It is normally derived from weathering processes that occur during seasonal precipitation, melt/ refreeze cycles or supraglacial activity (i.e. transport) rates and tends to be blocky angular boulders and sediments in character.Heavy volcanic supraglacial debris is composed of fine grained volcanic ash, tephra or large ballistics that is ejected during eruptions. The Polar Regions, are remote and often inaccessible, in terms of their location. Investigations based on field of the entire Polar Region are very strenuous, and rarely possible. Satellite remote sensing is a low cost solution to obtain excellent coverage of the Polar Regions from a view point in space. By using remote sensing data and techniques it is now possible to investigate the high latitude regions in a way that was unimaginable even a few decades ago. Over the past two decades, the Polar Regions have homogenously shown the first distinctive evidence of human industrial activity on Earth’s atmosphere and climate (Luban and Massom, 2007) [5]. The first was the 1985 discovery of the ozone â€Å"hole,† an annual disappearance of most of the ozone layer over Antarctica and the Southern Ocean, whose cause was quickly identified as an interaction between industrial chlorofluorocarbon pollutants and unique ice clouds that form in the extremely cold Antarctic stratosphere. More recently, both satellite data and submarine research cruises have documented the dramatic decrease in both geographic extent and thickness of Arctic sea ice, such that if no action is taken to curb industrial greenhouse gas emissions, Arctic sea ice could disappear altogether in the summer season by the end of this century. In 1981, India undertook its National Antarctic Program within the aegis of Department of Ocean Development (DOD) of the Government of India. ACentre dedicated to Antarctic Expeditions, named as ‘Antarctic Study Centre (ASC)’ was established at Goa in 1988.The ASC was eventually upgraded into an autonomous institute ‘National Centre for Antarctic and Ocean Research (NCAOR) under DOD (now known as Ministry of Earth Sciences). Maitri station was built in 1989 on the Schirmacher Oasis in Queen Maud Land. India previously operated the station Dakshin Gangotri from 1983 – 1989 which was abandoned after being buried in ice. Around 3,000 kilometers from Maitri station, India extended its Antarctic presence by building a new station named Bharati in the Larsemann Hills region.The Bharati station has been operational since 18th March 2012. Ordinarily, resolution is thought to be as the ability to separate and differentiate adjacent objects or items in a scene, be it in a photo, an image or real life. Frequently resolution is specified in terms of the linear size of the smallest features we can discriminate (often expressed in meters). But contrast impacts our ability to resolve between objects: if two items are the same color, they may be tough to separate, but if they are sharply different in color, tone, or brightness we can recognize them more clearly. Remote sensors estimate differences and variations of objects that are often reported in terms of four main resolutions, each of which affect the accuracy and functionality of remote sensors to habitat mapping. The details noticeable in an image are dependent on the spatial resolution of the sensor and refer to the size of the smallest possible feature that can be identified. Spatial resolution of passive sensors depends essentially on their Instantaneous Field of View (IFOV). The IFOV is the angular cone of visibility of the sensor (A) and determines the area on the Earths surface which is seen from a given altitude at one particular moment in time (B). The size of the area viewed is determined by multiplying the IFOV by the distance from the ground to the sensor (C). This area on the ground is called the resolution cell and decides a sensors greatest spatial resolution. For an analogous feature to be detected, its size generally has to be equal to or larger than the resolution cell. If the feature is smaller than this, it may not be detectable as the average brightness of all features in that resolution cell will be recorded. However, smaller features may sometimes be detectable if their reflectance influences within a particular resolution cell allowing sub-pixel or resolution cell recognition. Images where only large features are visible are said to have coarse or low resolution. In fine or high resolution images, small objects can be identified. Military sensors for example, are designed to for detailed view, and so have very fine resolution. Commercial satellites provide imagery with resolutions differing from a few meters to several kilometers. Usually finer the resolution, the less whole ground area would be visible. The ratio of distance on an image or map, to actual ground distance is called scale. If a map is with scale of 1:100,000, an object of 1cm length on the map would really be an object 100,000cm (1km) long on the ground. Maps or images with small map-to-ground ratios are referred to as small scale (e.g. 1:100,000), and those with larger ratios (e.g. 1:5,000) are called large scale. Spectral response and spectral emissivity curves specifies the reflectance and/or emittance of a feature or target across a range of wavelengths. Dissimilar classes of features and details in an image can frequently be distinguished by contrasting their responses over distinct ranges of wavelength. Extensive classes such as water and vegetation can generally be separated using very broad ranges of wavelength (the visible and near infrared). More specific classes like rock types may not be easily distinguishable using only these broad ranges of wavelength and require comparison at much finer ranges of wavelengths to separate them. Hence we require a sensor with higher spectral resolution for such specific classification. Spectral resolution describes the ability of a sensor to define fine intervals of wavelength. Finer is the spectral resolution, narrower will be the ranges of wavelength for a particular channel or band. As the spatial structure of an image is described by the arrangement of pixels, the actual information content in an image is described by the radiometric characteristics. The sensitivity of the image to the magnitude of the electromagnetic energy is determined by the radiometric resolution, whenever an image is captured on film or by a sensor. The radiometric resolution of an imaging system describes its ability to differentiate very slight contrast in energy. Finer the radiometric resolution of a sensor, more sensitive it is to detecting small differences in reflected or emitted energy. When a 2-bit image is compared with an 8-bit image, there is a large difference in the level of details observable depending on their radiometric resolutions. The concept of temporal resolution is also important to consider in a remote sensing system, in addition to spatial, spectral, and radiometric resolution. It is the concept of revisit period, which refers to the length of time it requires for a satellite to finish one complete orbit cycle. The revisit period is usually several days for a satellite sensor. Thus the absolute temporal resolution of a remote sensing system to image the exact same area at the same viewing angle a second time is equal to this period. Still some areas of the Earth tend to be re-imaged more frequently because of some degree of overlap in the imaging swaths of adjacent orbits for most satellites and the increase in this overlap with increasing latitude. Also, some satellite systems are able to point their sensors to image the same area between different satellite passes parted by periods from one to five days. So, the actual temporal resolution of a sensor depends on a variety of factors, including the satell ite/sensor capabilities, the swath overlap, and latitude. WorldView-2 is the first high-resolution 8-band multispectral commercial satellite launched in October 2009. It operates at an altitude of 770 km and provides 50 cm panchromatic resolution and 2 m multispectral resolution. The average revisit time of World View-2 is of 1.1 days and it is also capable of collecting up to 1 million km2 of 8-band imagery per day. Every sensor is narrowly concentrated on a specific range of the electromagnetic spectrum that is sensitive to a particular feature on the ground, or a property of the atmosphere. They are designed together to improve the segmentation and classification of land and aquatic features beyond any other space-based remote sensing platform. The agricultural growth, increased urbanization and natural processes all contribute towards the reshaping nature of land use and land cover around the globe. Remote sensing is recognized as an essential tool for understanding the changes over a large and small scale. Presently various satellites are being engaged to observe and study the globe. WV-2 brings out a high degree of detail to classification processes, with 8 strictly focused spectral sensors ranging from visible to near infrared, combined with 2 meter spatial resolution, enabling a finer level of intolerance and improving decision-making in both the public and private sector. The table given below explains the various characteristics of the important high resolution satellites. The World Viiew-2 is the satellite, which is having 0.5 m spatial resolution which has been used for this particular study. Features of World View-2 satellite are: Very high resolution The most spectral diversity commercially available 4 standard colors: Blue, Green, Red, NIR-1 4 new colors: Coastal, Yellow, Red Edge, NIR-2 Bi- directional scanning Orbit altitude: 770 km, sun-synchronous Dynamic range: 11-bits per pixel Swath width: 16.4 km at nadir Benefits of World View-2 satellite are: Provides highly detailed imagery for precise map creation, change detection, and in-depth image analysis. Geo-locate features to less than 5 m to create maps in remote areas, maximizing the utility of available resources. Collects, stores, and downlinks a greater supply of frequent update global imagery products than competitive systems. Stereoscopic collection on a single pass ensures image continuity and consistency of quality. Provides the ability to perform precise change detection, mapping and analysis at unprecedented resolutions in 8-band multispectral imagery. In addition to dedicated satellite instruments and programs that have monitored critical manifestations of climate and atmospheric change, such as the retreat of Arctic Sea Ice, the motion of the Antarctica Ice Sheets and the evolution of the ozone ‘hole’ in both polar regions, many serendipitous applications of satellite remote sensing have come forward for polar research. A survey of polar remote sensing accomplishments is particularly useful at this point in time, as the earth science community is experiencing a transition to a new generation of satellite remote sensing instruments with an order of magnitude greater capability than their predecessors. The Antarctica ice sheet alone covers an area of ~12.4Ãâ€"106 km2, and averages ~2.4 km in thickness, with a maximum of ~4.7 km (in the Wilkes sub-glacial basin between Casey and Vostok) and a volume of ~25.7Ãâ€"106 km3. It stores ~90% of the world’s ice, equivalent to ~70% of its freshwater or an approx. 65 m rise in global sea level was it to melt. This Antarctica Ice sheet play a central role in the global climate system, interacting in a complex fashion with the atmosphere and ocean, acting as major hemispheric heat sinks as a result of the radiatively induced Equator to pole temperature difference, and dominating the high-latitude radiation balance by virtue of their high albedo. Ice sheets have profound direct and indirect impacts on patterns of oceanic and atmospheric temperature and circulation and also biogeochemical cycles [11]. Studying and analyzing Antarctica using satellite remote sensing is not an old practice. It started way back in 1972 with the launch of Landsat-1(formerly ERTS-1). It kept on growing since then with the use of microwave and thermal remote sensing datasets. Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MODIS) datasets have played a vital role in understanding this remote continent. In this research we have applied a combination of existing image processing methods and a novel feature extraction workflow to DigitalGlobe’s WorldView-2 (WV-2) satellite imagery, in order to study Antarctica at maximum achievable spatial resolution. Our protocol also compares widely used image fusion algorithms all over the researcher’s community. During the past 30-40 years, satellite and other remote sensing methods have provided a massive wealth of new data to transform understanding of the Antarctic. While important, field measurements are logistically demanding, expensive, and scanty. Satellites can measure and monitor remote and vast areas in a sustained, consistent, systematic, repetitive, and cost-effective fashion and on a variety of scales alone. Using high-spatial resolution data is the only practical approach for generating detailed and accurate information on the landscape and land cover in the Antarctic, where field measurements are laborious. The capabilities of these state-of-the-art satellites have not been thoroughly explored for mapping land cover in cryospheric regions. Widely, sea-ice spectral reflectance (ratio of radiant energy reflected by a body to that incident upon it) depends upon its age and thickness, and the presence/absence of a snow cover. Snow reflectance depends on the refractive index of ice, grain-size distribution, density, depth, and liquid-water content. Maps of surface albedo (the ratio of upwelling to down welling radiative flux at the surface) can be retrieved from satellite radiance data after accurately masking cloud, correcting atmospheric effects, and converting angular measurements to the ‘‘full hemisphere’’ angular distribution of the surface (the bidirectional reflectance distribution function [BRDF]). While the broadband albedo of ice-free ocean is ~0.05-0.1 that of sea ice ranges from ~0.1 to ~0.9 enabling ice-ocean discrimination and ice type classification. The strong sensitivity of NIR radiation to snow grain-size growth with melting further enables the detection/monitoring of seasonal mel t/refreeze. Ice-sheet surface grain size is itself retrievable from 1.6 mm data (e.g., from the Global Imager [GLI] aboard ADEOS-II [operational from 2002–2003]). High and very high resolution sensors acquire data over a narrow swath (

Access to Quality Health Care Essay -- Health Care

Despite the countless advanced in technology and the abundance of health care organization popping up all over the place, whether they are free standing clinics, hospitals, urgent cares or etc, many people still lack the ability to receive quality health care. This has become a concern throughout the world, but especially a more vocal concern for residents of the United States in the past few years. In this paper we will discuss the reasons preventing access to quality health care and how we can overcome the many obstacles that stand in our way to provide quality health care to many who lack it today. Some studies have shown in recent years that the high cost of health care is due to the high cost of defensive medicine . â€Å"Defensive medicine† is a term best described as a way to treat a patient without the burden or worry of possible litigation should something go wrong during treatment. According to a recent survey by Jackson Healthcare and Gallup, defensive medicine costs in 2009 were between $650 - $850 billion annually. Which is also roughly 26% – 34% of the average health care cost in the United States? Also according to this survey, many physicians actually practiced more â€Å"rule out† type medicine as opposed to diagnostic treatments, due to the fear of litigation. 76% of physician’s survey stated that defensive medicine decreases a patient’s access to health care. Tort reform has been seen as a way to alleviate some of the high health care cost and a way to stop the act of â€Å"defensive medicine†. According to the American College of Surgeons, â€Å"Medical malpractice premiums have reached a crisis point in many areas of the United States, thus driving many surgeons away from high risk specialties.† In one medical practice w... ...on "Economists Against the FDA: Publications: The Independent Institute." The Independent Institute. 1 Sept. 2010. Web. 03 Mar. 2012. . Senger, Alyene. "Point-By-Point: The Case Against Obamacare." The Foundry: Conservative Policy News Blog from The Heritage Foundation. 1 Mar. 2012. Web. 04 Mar. 2012. . Cowen, Tyler. "Following the Money, Doctors Ration Care." The NewYork Times. 11 Dec. 2010. Web. 4 Mar. 2012. . "Maryland Health Care Commission." Legislative Reports. Web. 04 Mar. 2012. . Van Heerden, Larry. "Abolishing the FDA." Home. 1 Mar. 2007. Web. 04 Mar. 2012. .

Bladerunner, Brave New World Essays -- essays research papers

Andrew: Well, our next guest is a man who needs no introduction. He is a literary genius, scientist, philosopher and the author of his times, ladies and gentlemen, I present to you Mr. Aldous Leonard Huxley. Huxley: Good evening Andrew. Andrew: Great to have here with us Aldous, sorry we don’t have a great deal of time so we’ll get strait into it. Your Novel Brave New World, Could you briefly tell us about your book and the role of creation within the text. Huxley: The book is about the destruction of life in the pursuit of a new one, hence the title Brave New World. The book describes a world that the characters within believe to be a utopian society. All the substance within in Brave New World begins at the New World States; places where human beings are manufactured like machines. The story takes place in a world state in the 7th century A.F. (after Ford), where social stability is based on a scientific caste system. Human beings are graded from the highest intellectuals to lowest manual workers. They are hatched from incubators and raised in communal nurseries, learning by methodical conditioning to become oblivious and accepting of their captivity. Andrew: So Aldus, tell me, where did this fascination for creation begin? Huxley: Well my grand father was Thomas Henry Huxley, an outspoken defender and advocate for Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection. He was nicknamed "Darwin's bulldog," being the most vocal of his supporters. He quite famously told the pope; "I would rather be the offspring of two apes than be a man and afraid to face the truth." Hearing my father talk about him sparked my imagination and caused me to research the subject further. My brother is also a great biologist whom without his help the book would never have been completed. But I guess the underlining fact is; everything stems from creation, and the way in which something is created will affect its purpose and role in life. Andrew: Such as natural birth as apposed to bokanovskification within the hatcheries? Huxley: Exactly. Take childbirth for example. It is an extreme process where a pregnant woman carries a child for nine months then goes through the excruciating pains of labor for a few hours. This already creates an amazing bond between mother and child. I believe Heredity and circumstance make each individual unique, and that the uni... ...in the book. I believe Tyrell and I to be quite similar. He lives upon the top of a ziggurat, similar to the Greek gods upon Mt Olympus, and controls the genetic fate of his people the replicants. He controls their life span, fabricates a past and believes he has superior power above all he has created. Andrew: Well thank you very much Aldous, it’s been extremely interesting. The subject of a creation can have as much impact on it’s creator, as it’s creator on it. When time, money, and passion are invested into any task, (especially creation) our art becomes part of us. Tyrell’s identity is built by his creation of replicants, just like a god, and Aldous Huxley is the creator and god of his own universe. Both these people would have no identity without their creations, and their creations would not exist without them. Both Blade Runner and Brave New world center on the issues of creation, both texts using the issue as a warning for the future. As we study both text and examine what they have to offer, we should be asking where our society is heading, and are we losing a part of our own humanity within consumerism and science? Take care, of yourselves and each other, Goodnight.

Citibank: Performance Evaluation Essay

In 1996, Citibank was an emergent banking institution attempting to increase its market share in the competitive Los Angeles area. In order to do so, the bank’s strategy was to focus slightly less on their financial growth, and much more on providing â€Å"a high level of service to its customers†. Management viewed this paradigm shift as â€Å"critical to the long term success of the franchise†. To implement these changes, a new Citibank employee performance assessment scorecard was created, briefly tested and quickly implemented. Though I believe it was a much improved and broader way to gauge individual performance, there was certainly room for improvement. The scorecard was composed of financial, strategy implementation and control goals which had the advantage of clearly, objectively and transparently measure a manager’s work. These measures were readily accessible though the general accounting system, and left little (if any) room to argue over a manager’s performance. However, all three measures focused primarily on the upcoming quarter(s) and how those numbers compared quarter-over-quarter and year-over-year, making them a short-term or â€Å"lagging† indicator of success. The remaining measures on the assessment scorecard (customer satisfaction, people, and standards) were all noticeably subjective, yet viewed as sound long-term indicators and therefore crucial in evaluating the foundation of the future success of the organization. Obviously, the customer is (and will always be) the most important part of the equation, as it is customer business that allows banks to conduct theirs. People and standards measures are both especially significant measures, as they address the character, personality and perceived image of individuals, management and the organization as a whole. A more specific analysis of the assessment scorecard is as follows: Financial Measures Financial goals are clearly and understandably the most important measure in the assessment scorecard. In this particular case, the yearly financial targets are the result of a division-wide process that includes the division President himself, all the area managers and respective branch managers. For any financial institution, I believe this to be the most objective measure of a manager’s short-term performance. However, discrete short-term accomplishment measures rarely shed light on the bigger picture and, therefore, on the future direction of an organization. This is easily correlated to many other businesses and organizations including my own. I manage an orthopedic research laboratory at the University of Pittsburgh, and one of the items on our yearly evaluation form is the total dollar amount of our grants. Being awarded n number of grants for x million dollars in any given year provides little information about future funding opportunities. I have been at the University for over 4 years and have seen several PhD’s have to close their laboratories unexpectedly after failing to attain the necessary funds to maintain their staff and continue their research. Having various items on a performance assessment scorecard can certainly help avoid situations like those. Strategy Implementation This is another objective, transparent, easily quantifiable financial measure. As it stands on the Citibank performance scorecard, this measure focuses exclusively on financial achievement. However, I believe Citibank management should change its strategy implementation goals to include some of the customer satisfaction goals as well. If â€Å"Citibank’s strategy in California† is, truly, to provide â€Å"a high level of service to its customers†, I would add relevant questions from the independently conducted telephone interviews to customers who visited the branches during the past month to this measure, as it is an essential component of the organization’s strategy, and certainly influenced by the actions and leadership approach of the respective branch managers. Internal Control Processes This measure is an added form of financial evaluation done by the internal auditing team that follows in line with the two previously discussed. For Citibank this measure was helpful in assessing the level of awareness and involvement of the managers with compliance problems. Customer Satisfaction The most ambiguous and subjective measure on the scorecard, happens to be highly regarded by Citibank leadership as a vital gauge of the long term success of the organization. I look at this measure as having 2 very distinct elements. In the telephone survey previously mentioned, there were questions regarding services provided at the actual branch, and questions oncerning other Citibank services such as 24 hours phone banking and ATM services. I believe questions pertaining services offered at the branch belong with the Strategy Implementation measures, as management clearly stated customer service as a top priority and the branch managers’ actions should be closely linked to services provided at their own local office. All other questions, ones related to additional Citibank services and seemingly out of a branch managerâ⠂¬â„¢s control, should be eliminated from their performance scorecard. Under the current format, there is information that I deem crucial to making this decision that is not provided with the case study. Being that this Customer Satisfaction measure is new in the assessment scorecard (which was only briefly tested before being implemented) I would like to know more about the performance of other/all branch managers. That way I would be able to compare Mr. McGaran’s performance to that of the other managers. I find it somewhat unusual that someone as highly regarded as Mr.  McGaran seems to be, with so much banking experience, scored so poorly in Customer Satisfaction, yet performed so strongly in all other areas of his yearly assessment for four consecutive years, all while managing the most important and most competitive Citibank branch in the Los Angeles division. People and Standards The final two measures on the yearly assessment scorecard go hand in hand, as they concern the way branch managers value their own career advancement opportunities as well as their growth as leaders and role-models not only for employees, but also within the communities which they serve. As subjective as these measures might be, they are essential for any organization, and could have a tremendous impact on an individual’s career. In this particular case, Ms. Johnson used these sections to describe Mr. McGaran as â€Å"an excellent people manager (†¦), a team-builder that motivates his people to go above and beyond. † She enthusiastically referenced his involvement within the community, his focus, discipline, availability, effectiveness and drive among many other things. These are all intangibles that are difficult to assess otherwise (i. . financial measures), but could make a significant difference for the organization as well as the individual. In our laboratory we work with many medical students and young residents. Once they complete their projects in the lab, this is the type of subjective assessment I am responsible for presenting to the attending physicians. How do students/residents perform when the attending physicians are not around? How do they deal with this new environment and how do they perform outside of their comfort zone? How well do they interact with the staff? Do they attempt to take on leadership roles even in the limited time they have at the lab, or are they comfortable just going along? I have been doing such evaluations for about 3 years and, as students start getting into residency programs and residents move onto fellowship programs, it’s staggering how some of the answers to such simple questions seem to strongly correlate with their future expectations and opportunities. After carefully analyzing all 6 assessment measures, with the information available, and if I were asked to make a recommendation on Mr. McGaran’s overall performance, I would have to give him a â€Å"par† rating. The instructions regarding overall year-end performance scores were very clear – â€Å"without â€Å"par† ratings in all the components of the Scorecard, a manager could not get an â€Å"above par† rating†. Citibank management, in particular the California Division, had been strongly emphasizing the importance of customer satisfaction for quite some time, even going as far as changing the performance assessment scorecard to reflect this. Mr.  McGaran is the manager of the most important and most competitive Citibank branch, and he is a role model and a reference to many other branch managers. What credibility would we have as management, if we deviated from the rules regarding that very specific measure in the first year of its implementation? Mr. McGaran was an outstanding employee, and I would do everything within my power to let him know that his incredibly strong overall performance had been noted and that we, as management, were aware of his concerns regarding the validity of the telephone survey. I would let him know that the year-end performance evaluation team is always looking for ways to enhance and improve the assessment scorecard, but in accordance with the one currently in place, he could disagree, but had to accept his rating, and continue to improve his customer satisfaction numbers just as he did during the last quarter. Obviously, such evaluation process serves not only to assess employees but also the system in place to do so. With that in mind, I would propose some changes to the year-end assessment scorecard, starting with an evaluation to the content of the telephone survey and its soundness in assessing a branch manager’s performance. I would also suggest that the rating system be adjusted, so that instead of 3 categories, there were 5. Hopefully, these changes would create a more flexible assessment scorecard, and a yearly performance such as that of Mr. McGaran would be properly distinguished and rewarded.

How Effective Are Drip Irrigation Systems Environmental Sciences Essay

The article evaluates the efficiency, effectivity, societal, economic and environmental impacts of the trickle irrigation system. The trickle irrigation system has the possible to increase the agricultural productiveness and besides to cut down H2O use required for irrigation. It is a system of pipes and tubing located under the dirt. Water is passed through these pipes which end at near the roots of the workss. This makes the H2O loss minimal. Initial phase is planing the system and its installing follows it. The article states the advantages and disadvantages of the system and besides cites grounds with respect to the societal, economic and environmental facets. Poverty is one of the primary concerns the universe faces in its route to development. Eradication of poorness tends to be the premier purposes of authoritiess worldwide. Lack of proper nutrition is a major cause lending to poverty. Bettering agricultural criterions can assist in bring forthing more nutrient and therefore counter the deficiency of nutrient factor. One manner to better agricultural criterions is to develop the irrigation methods used. Irrigation is closely related to poorness. Irrigation benefits the hapless through higher production, higher outputs, low hazard of harvest failure and higher and twelvemonth unit of ammunition farm and non-farm employment. Irrigation leads to high value market oriented agricultural production [ 1 ] . However, in developing states like India, the agricultural sector is to a great extent dependent on the south-west monsoons. In position of the lifting temperatures worldwide due to planetary heating and alterations of conditions forms asso ciated with it, dependance on rains is non ever a possible solution. Failure of proper rains can stultify the agricultural sector which can take to an overall rise in poorness. Thus efficient methods of irrigation demand to be developed. The trickle irrigation system is one such method of irrigation that is being utilized. Drip irrigation is H2O salvaging, efficient and effectual lacrimation system.The article focuses on the different facets of the trickle irrigation system, its part in poorness relief and the societal economic and environmental impacts of this engineering. Subsurface trickle irrigation or SDI is another manner of terming a trickle irrigation system. As stated by C. Shock, trickle irrigation is the slow even application of low-pressure H2O to dirt and workss utilizing plastic tube placed near the workss & A ; acirc ; ˆâ„ ¢ root zone [ 8 ] . Water is supplied to the dirt at really low rates from the system of the plastic tube pipes which are fitted with emitters at the terminals. Therefore loss of H2O through vaporization, H2O run-off and infiltration is minimized to a great extent. Besides H2O contact with the roots, foliages and fruits of the works is reduced which helps in bar of formation of disease on the works. Since the tube is buried under the dirt, it is less at hazard of harm due to weeding and cultivation activities. Planing a subsurface trickle system requires an experient qualified interior decorator. As G. Harris has stated, proper hydraulic design is the initial measure in put ining a successful SDI system [ 5 ] . This will guarantee that the system effectively trades with the restraints imposed by the harvest and dirt features, field size, topography, H2O supply and form. The system must be capable of run intoing the harvest H2O demand during the peak H2O demand times. A block or zone, which is the part of the field that can be watered at the same clip, is determined by the features of the trickle tube selected. The optimum tubing spacing is determined by the dirt features and the deepness of tube arrangement. If the installings are excessively deep it will curtail the handiness of surface applied foods limits the effectivity of the system for harvest sprouting. Adequate blushing speeds must be allowed for in the design to take deposits from the emitters. This helps to forestall the SDI syst em from acquiring clogged and increases the system & A ; acirc ; ˆâ„ ¢s life. Following the planing comes the installation portion of the SDI system. Proper installing ensures that the system performs optimally and it besides determines the life of the system. Installation is done in sites which have non been cropped late as insect activity or weedy countries could destruct the pipes within yearss of installing [ 6 ] .Initially location of the tube is marked out. A subsoiler can be used or if more accurate placement is needed, GPS can besides be used. Specialized injectors are available for installing of the SDI pipes. The power and H2O beginning restrictions are to be considered during the installing of the system. Filters are besides used which helps in taking atoms and keeps the emitters from acquiring clogged. The major characteristic of this system that makes it extremely desirable is that the H2O usage efficiency will be better compared to other systems or methods of irrigation. Evidence put frontward by C.R. Camp show that drip irrigation systems implemented in Virginia require 30 % less H2O compared to sprinkler irrigation for cultivating maize [ 3 ] . For cotton, the H2O use was reduced significantly by 40 % . Execution of the system in Hawaii helped the husbandmans to acquire a greater output than when utilizing sprinkler irrigation system [ 4 ] . Extra advantages include: Drip irrigation systems are suited to farms holding uneven topography or dirt texture. Precise application of foods is possible. Timely application of weedkillers, insect powders and antifungals is possible. The trickle irrigation system can be automated. Irrigation can be carried out twenty-four hours and dark regardless of the air current, daylight handiness or other cultivation activities [ 7 ] . The SDI system can be used for fertilising. Foods can be supplied in a sustained manner, and regulated in rate and composing, harmonizing to the harvest demands [ 7 ] . The fluid mechanicss help in easy H2O command the figure of points provides first-class uniformity of supply. There are a figure of disadvantages for the trickle irrigation system. Initial investing is rather high for this system. Root development is limited and therefore ensuing in root putrefaction and dust jobs [ 7 ] . The emitters can acquire clogged often and cleaning it is a dearly-won and clip devouring procedure. Accretion of salts might happen at the interface between the moisture and dry zones of the dirt. It is by and large accepted that irrigation can transform society every bit good as land and landscapes. Drip irrigation has brought about a figure of positive and negative societal impacts. It helps in relieving poorness in irrigated countries, minimizes the differential distribution of benefits across husbandmans and increases the societal benefits [ 7 ] . The positive consequence it has brought on the demographics of the Waitaki vale has helped collar the population diminution [ 9 ] . The extra population would non merely beef up the societal construction and webs but besides increase economic growing. Thus services such as wellness and instruction would go more feasible. On the other manus, automated drip irrigation systems tend to necessitate less labour and in low pay economic systems, where occupation chances lag behind growing in labour force owing to lift in population, cut downing hired labors can be socially debatable [ 10 ] . This leads to farther unemployment. Sing the economic facets, drip irrigation systems have helped husbandmans to achieve better net incomes due to higher output. Farmers can conserve H2O more and besides increase the productiveness of their farms. The output of cotton increased by 21 % in Dalby and Moree while in Lucerne, output betterment was between 13-34 % [ 5 ] . The net incomes obtained in tomato cultivation in California were approximately 867 to 1493 dollars more [ 12 ] . Water use was reduced by 45 % for maize cultivation in the Great Plains in USA [ 13 ] . In malice of all these a major hinderance in the execution of the system is the high initial cost. Designing and installing requires qualified people and moreover the cost and clip for care of the system is besides on the higher side. However in the long tally husbandmans can do up for the high initial costs with the higher sum of output they obtain. The trickle irrigation helps in bettering the dirt surface and the environment. It allows pre treated coalbed methane Waterss to flux into the root zone of an agricultural field which minimized environmental impacts by hive awaying damaging salts in the vadose zone [ 11 ] . It reduces off-farm motions of fertilisers and pollutants and improves the H2O usage efficiency of irrigated agribusiness [ 3 ] . It offers possible for increased H2O and nitrate fertiliser efficiency and decreases land H2O taint by NO3 [ 14 ] . The certain negative traits that the system has on the environment are that root putrefaction may happen and degrees of salt rises. Root development is affected taking to deficient protection against deficiency of H2O and hapless root anchorage [ 7 ] . Overall, the trickle irrigation system is an effectual manner of irrigation. It saves on H2O use and allows husbandmans to increase their farm end product. The increased end products helps counter the rise in nutrient demand and helps the poorer subdivisions of the society with more nutrient at cheaper monetary values. Evidence presented in the article show the increased harvest output. Even thought the engineering comes at a higher monetary value, the effects of implementing it will be long lasting and positive.

Generally Accepted Accounting Principles and Assets

ACC201 †¦ STUDY GUIDE for TEST ONE (Chapters 1, 2, 3) Test #1 will consist of 50-60 of the questions below. (Finding the â€Å"answers† to these questions is part of the review) True or False 1. Owner's equity represents the amount of assets that can be claimed by creditors. 2. The right-hand side of an account is always the increase side. 3. A ledger is a chronological record of a business’s transactions. 4. The chart of accounts proves that all transactions were correctly journalized and posted. 5. In accrual-basis of accounting, revenues are recorded when a service is performed. . Current liabilities are expected to be paid off or eliminated in the next 12 months. [pic] 7. Each time a business records revenue the account Cash is increased. 8. Accumulated depreciation of an asset – its depreciation expense = book value. 9. Financial accounting provides information for people inside the company while managerial accounting focuses on information for people o utside the company. 10. Every adjusting entry affects one account on the income statement and one account on the balance sheet. 11. Financial statements will be inaccurate if they are prepared before the djusting entries are completed. 12. The â€Å"current ratio† is calculated by dividing the Total Assets by Total Liabilities. 13. During the closing process, ALL revenue and expense accounts are closed. 14. â€Å"Liquidity† is a measure of how quickly an asset can be converted into cash. 15. Revenues and expenses are also classified as â€Å"current† or â€Å"long-term† on a classified Income Statement. 16. Cash-basis accounting results in a more accurate measurement of net income than does the accrual basis of accounting. 17. Financial statements will be inaccurate if they are prepared before the adjusting entries are completed. 8. Risk is the amount of uncertainty about the return we expect to earn in the future. 19. Accounting records are also referred to as the books. 20. Source documents provide evidence of business transactions and are the basis for accounting entries. 21. As prepaid expenses are used up, the costs of these assets become expenses 22. An account balance is the difference between the debits and credits for an account including any beginning balance. 23. The debt ratio reflects the risk of a company to both its owners and creditors. 24.The higher the debt ratio, the higher risk of a company not being able to meet its obligations. 25. The debt ratio is calculated by dividing total assets by total liabilities. 26. A company that finances a relatively large portion of its assets with liabilities is said to have a high degree of financial leverage. 27. If a company is highly leveraged, this means that it has relatively low risk of not being able to repay its debt. 28. A company's fiscal year must correspond with the calendar year. 29. Adjusting entries are made after the preparation of financial statements. 30.Curren t assets and current liabilities are expected to be used up or come due within one year or the company's operating cycle whichever is longer. 31. For a corporation, the equity section is divided into two main accounts: Common Stock and Retained Earnings. 32. Profit margin can also be called return on sales. 33. The Income Summary account is closed to the retained earnings account. 34. The primary objective of financial accounting is: A. To serve the decision-making needs of internal users B. To provide financial statements to help external users analyze and interpret an organization's activities C.To monitor and control company activities D. To provide information on both the costs and benefits of managing products and services 35. A corporation: A. Is a legal entity separate and distinct from its owners B. Must have many owners C. Has shareholders who have unlimited liability for the acts of the corporation D. Does not have to pay taxes 36. Net Income: A. Decreases equity B. Equals assets minus liabilities C. Is the excess of revenues over expenses D. Represents the owners' claims against assets 37. Return on assets is: A. Also called rate of return B.Computed by dividing net income by beginning assets plus ending assets divided by two C. Computed by multiplying net income by total assets D. Used in helping evaluate expenses 38. Risk is: A. Net income divided by average total assets B. The reward for investment C. The uncertainty about the expected return that will be earned from an investment D. Unrelated to expected return 39. The statement of retained earnings: A. Reports how retained earnings changes at a point in time B. Reports how retained earnings changes over a period of time C.Reports on cash flows for operating, financing and investing activities over a period of time D. Reports on amounts for assets, liabilities and equity at a point in time 40. A written promise to pay a definite sum of money on a specific future date is a(n):   A. Unearned rev enue B. Credit account C. Note payable D. Account receivable 41. On September 30, the Cash account of Value Company had a normal balance of $5,000. During September, the account was debited for a total of $12,200 and credited for a total of $11,500. What was the balance in the Cash account at the beginning of September? A. $4,300 debit balance B. a $4,300 credit balance C. a $5,700 debit balance D. a $5,700 credit balance 42. The Fireside Country Inn is a very popular destination for tourists. The Inn requires guests to make reservations at least two months in advance of their stay. A twenty percent down payment is required at the time the reservation is made. When should this inn recognize room rental revenue? A. On the date the reservation is received B. On the date the money for the reservation is received C. On the date the guests stay in the inn D. On the date the guests pay the remaining eighty percent due 3. Stride Rite has total assets of $425 million. Its total liabilities are $110 million. Its equity is $315 million. Calculate the debt ratio. A. 38. 6% B. 13. 4% C. 34. 9% D. 25. 9% 44. Listed below are two pieces of information. Where is the best place to locate this information, in the journal or the ledger? Details of a transaction which took place on October 3rd All of the sales activity which took place during the current month   A. 1. Journal 2. Journal B. 1. Journal 2. Ledger C. 1. Ledger 2. Journal D. This information is only available on the financial statements 5. Interim financial statements refer to financial reports:   A. That cover less than one year, usually spanning one, three or six-month periods B. That are prepared before any adjustments have been recorded C. That show the assets above the liabilities and the liabilities above the equity D. Where revenues are reported on the income statement when cash is received and expenses are reported when cash is paid 46. Profit margin is defined as: A. Revenues divided by net sales B. Net income divided by net sales C. Net income divided by assets D.Assets divided by net sale 47. A company earned $2,000 in net income for October. Its net sales for October were $10,000. Its profit margin is:   A. 2% B. 20% C. 200% D. 500% 48. Which of these shows a company’s financial position as of a specific date? A. Income StatementC. Statement of Owners Equity B. Balance Sheet D. Chart of Accounts 49. GAAP stands for: A. generally accepted auditing practices B. generally accrued auditing procedures C. generally accrued accounting principles D. generally accepted accounting principles 50. Liabilities are: xpenses incurred by the business increases in owner's equity earned by delivering goods or services economic resources of a business creditors claims to the business's assets 51. Which of these have a remaining balance after the closing process is completed ? A. service revenueC. accumulated depreciation. B withdrawalsD. depreciation expense. 52. A $250 payment on account was recorded as a debit to accounts receivable and a credit to accounts payable. This error will cause: A. owner's equity to be overstated B. accounts payable to be understated C. ash to be understated D. accounts receivable to be overstated 53. Receiving a payment from a customer on account would: A. have no effect on total assets or owner's equity    B. increase net income and decrease liabilities C. increase both assets and owner's equity D. decrease liabilities and increase owner's equity 54. The entry for depreciation has what effect on the financial statements: A. increases expenses and decreases assets B. decreases net income and increases assets C. increases assets and decreases liabilities D. decreases assets and increases liabilities 5. Equipment with a cost of $120,000 has a useful life of 4 years and no salvage value. Using straight-line depreciation, what is the book value after 1 year? A. $28,750C. $103,000 B. $86,250 D. $ 38,333 56. The balance in accumulated depre ciation after adjustment represents: A. a contra liability on the balance sheet B. a contra asset on the balance sheet C. a liability on the balance sheet D. a contra account on the income statement 57. A list of all of the accounts (without balances) used by a business is called: A. trial BalanceC. account master B. hart of accountsD. adjusted trial balance 58. Which of these shows results of a company’s operations over a period of time? A. income statementC. statement of owners equity B. balance sheetD. chart of accounts 59. These â€Å"types† of accounts appear on the Income Statement? A. assets and liabilities. C. all owners equity accounts B. revenues, expensesD. all accounts of a business appear 60. These â€Å"types† of accounts appear on the Balance Sheet? A. assets and liabilities. C. all owners equity accounts B. revenues, expensesD. ll accounts of a business appear 61. If Assets = $150,000 and Liabilities = $60,000, Owners Equity = _____________. |a) $ 240,000 |c) $ 150,000 | |b) $ 90,000 |d) $ 210,000 | 62. A business bought land paying $100,000 (paying $25,000 cash and owing $75,000). The land had an asking price of $115,00 and an appraised value of $125,000. What amount should the business use to record the purchase in the accounting â€Å"books†. a) $ 25,000 |c) $ 115,000 | |b) $ 100,000 |d) $ 125,000 | 63. In May a business had: Revenue of $15,000, Accounts Receivable of $25,000; Liabilities of $8,000; Expenses of $11,000 and a balance in the Cash account of $5,000. The â€Å"Net Income† (or net loss) for May was _______________. |a) $ 64,000 |c) $ 11,000 | |b) $ 16,000 |d) $ 4,000 | 4. Company buys Supplies paying $500 in Cash. Company buys more Supplies for $1,000, on account. Company pays $500 of the amount it owes for supplies. The balance in the Supplies account is: | a. $ 500 |c. $ 1,500 | |b. $ 1,000 |d. $ 2,000 | 65. The â€Å"accounting† term that refers to copying transaction information fro m the journal to the ledger is termed: |a. increase |c. ebit | | b. decrease |d. credit | 66. Unearned revenue is always a(n) ______________ type of account: |a) revenue. |c) owners equity. | |b) contra-revenue. |d) liability. | 67. Accrued expenses are expenses that have: |a) been paid. |c) not been paid nor incurred | |b) been incurred and paid. |d) not been paid but incurred | 68. Accrued revenue is which of the following? |a) Revenue that has been earned and collected. |b) Revenue that has been collected but not yet earned. | |c) Revenue that has been earned but not yet collected. | |d) Revenue that has not been collected or earned. | 69. On a classified balance sheet, assets that are expected to be converted to cash, sold, or consumed during the next 12 months are referred to as: |A. current assets. |C. leveraged assets. | |B. market assets. |D. liquid assets. | 70. What accounts may have balances (that are not -0-), on a post-closing trial balance? |A. assets, liabilities & r evenues. |C. revenues, expenses & capital | |B. ssets, liabilities & expenses |D. assets, liabilities & capital | 71. Which of these would have no effect on TOTAL assets or TOTAL liabilities? |a) payment of a liability |c) buying supplies on account | |b) payment of an expense |d) buying supplies and paying cash | 72. The accountant for BobCo did not make any adjusting entry for depreciation expense. What is the effect of this error on TOTAL liabilities? a) liabilities are understated |c) liabilities are overstated | |b) liabilities are not affected |d) I don’t have a clue! | 73. Buying a $300,000 building by signing a $300,000 note payable results in: |a) owner's equity increasing. |c) no change to owner's equity. | |b) owner’s equity decreasing. |d) no clue on this one either! | 74. The â€Å"Matching Principle† directs accountants to: |a) match total debits to the total credits. | |b) match Assets to the (Liabilities – Owners Equity). | |c) match expen ses against revenues of the period. |d) once again, I have no clue! | 75. A $75 payment for Rent Expense was mistakenly posted as a: debit to Supply Expense (the credit was correct). What is the impact on the Trial Balance |a) the credit total is off by $75. | |b) the debit total is off by $75. | |c) no impact on the Trial Balance | |d) nothing has changed – no clue! | 76. If a company is using the accrual method of accounting, when is revenue recorded? |a) when cash is received, regardless of when the work is done. | |b) when the work, or services are begun. |c) when the work, or services are completed. | |d) when the expenses to pay for the job, or services, are incurred. | 77. Assets are __________________________________________________________ 78. Liabilities are _______________________________________________________ 79. Equity is ____________________________________________________________ 80. Revenues are_________________________________________________________ 81. Ex penses are _________________________________________________________ 82. How do you INCREASE these accounts †¦ by a DR (debit) or a CR (credit) ? ______ Assets ______ Expenses ______ Revenues _____ Liabilities ______ Capital ______ Withdrawals Unearned Accumulated ______ Revenue ______ Depreciation 83. Indicate whether these accounts appears on the: IS (Income Statement only), the BS (Balance Sheet only) or BOTH (Income Statement and Balance Sheet) ______ Cash ______ Furniture ______ Revenue ______ Supply ______ Accounts ______ Accounts Expense Payable Receivable Unearned Interest _____ Revenue ______ Revenue Definitions – matching 84. cost of assets or services used up or consumed to generate revenues. They decrease retained earnings. 85. resources generated from a company’s earnings activities. They increase retained earnings. . 86. Assets = Liabilities + Equity 87. the result when revenues are larger than expenses. 88. A company records the expenses incurred to generate the revenues reported. 89. Every business is accounted for separately from its owner or owners. Revenues LiabilitiesEquity ExpensesNet IncomeGAAP Net Loss AssetsAccounting equation 90.A list of all ledger accounts and includes an identification number assigned to each account (does NOT include account balances). 91. A record of increases and decreases in a specific asset, liability, equity, revenue or expense item. 92. The accounting â€Å"book of original entry† where transactions are first recorded in a chronological order. Identifies and describes transactions and events entering the accounting process (either in hard copy or electronic form). 93. A record containing all accounts used by a company, a collection of all accounts and their balances. Post from the journal to the __________. 4. A list of accounts, and their account identification numbers, (without any dollar amounts or balances) that may be used by a company. 95. The process of transferring journal en try information to the ledger. |A. Debit |F. Chart of Accounts | |B. Credit |G. Trial balance | |C. Account |H. Ledger (general ledger) | |D. Posting |I. Source documents | |E. Journal |J. Account Balance | 6. a method or technique of accounting that â€Å"recognizes revenues when cash is received and records expenses when cash is paid†. 97. this is â€Å"a list of accounts and balances prepared after adjustments (adjusting entries) are recorded†. 98. this is â€Å"the process of allocating the costs of these (plant) assets over their expected useful life†. 99. these are â€Å"costs that are incurred in a period but are both unpaid and unrecorded†. 100. an â€Å"account linked with another account, it has an opposite normal balance, and is reported as a subtraction from the other (linked) account’s balance† 01. this â€Å"refers to revenues earned in a period that are both unrecorded and not yet received in cash (or other assets)’ |A . Accrued Expenses |F. Contra Account | |B. Accrued Revenue |G. Cash Basis Accounting | |C. Depreciation |H. Unearned (deferred) Revenue | |D. Adjusting Entry |I.Prepaid (deferred) Expenses | |E. Adjusted Trial Balance |J. Matching Principle (expense recognition) | Journal Entries 102. Bill starts a business by investing $10,000 cash in the business. 103. The business completes work for a customer and collects $1,000 from him. 104. The business receives this month’s phone bill in the amount of $ 100. The business will pay the bill NEXT month. 105. The business does work for a Customer and sends Joe a bill for $ 750. 106.On Jan 1, BobCo received $3,000 from a customer to provide landscape services for Jan, Feb and Mar. (BobCo made the correct entry on Jan 1 to record the receipt of the Cash). Prepare BobCo’s adjusting entry for JAN 31 107. BobCo pays Salaries of $5,000 per week. Mon, Tues, Wed are in JAN while Thurs and Fri fall into FEB. Prepare the adjusting entry a s of JAN 31 108. A machine was purchased for $24,000 on JAN 1. Its estimated useful life is 48 months. Prepare the entry for depreciation on JAN 31. 109. In JAN, interest revenue of $100 has been earned but not yet received. It will be received in MAY). Prepare the adjusting entry for JAN 31. 110. On JAN 1 the Supplies account balance was $3,000. On JAN 31 there were $ 1,000 of Supplies remaining (unused). Prepare the adjusting entry for JAN 31 111. On JAN 1 BobCo bought $500 in Supplies on account. On JAN 31 only $200 of the Supplies remain. Prepare the adjusting entry. 112. On JAN 1 BobCo. paid, in advance, $3,000 for 6 months of Insurance (Jan thru June) Prepare the adjusting entry for JAN 31. ONE MORE PAGE On the next page, IF you close ONLY the correct accounts, you will receive one bonus points. Adjusted Trial Balance |Debits |Credits | |Cash |$ 15,000 | | |Accounts Receivable |$ 6,000 | | |Unearned Revenue | |$ 1,000 | |Accounts Payable | |$ 2,500 | |Sales Revenue | |$ 11,000 | |Depreciation Expense |$ 2,000 | | |Rent Expense |$ 500 | | |Withdraws |$ 1,000 | | |Capital | |$ 10,000 | Note: Prepare the closing journal entries using whatever data above that you need.